After inoculating a 13-year-old child with vaccinia virus (cowpox) and demonstrating immunity to smallpox in 1796, Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West. The first smallpox vaccine was developed in 1798.
Louise Pasteur established the first vaccination laboratory. Only one person had rabies after Pasteur administered his rabies vaccination to 350 people in 1886. The remarkable effectiveness of these vaccinations prompted the establishment of the first Pasteur Institute in 1888.
In the early 1950s, American physician Jonas Salk produced the first polio vaccine, known as inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or Salk vaccination. This vaccination is delivered as an injection and contains a virus that has been destroyed. IPV was first used on a significant scale in February 1954, when it was given to American schoolchildren.
Vaccines save the lives of about 2.5 million people each year.
Vaccinology is the science of vaccines, and it has traditionally included basic science, immunogens, the immunological response of the host, delivery systems and technologies, production, and clinical evaluation.
Vaccination for infectious diseases, such as influenza, began in the 1930s.
The 1918 influenza pandemic was the deadliest in modern history. An H1N1 virus with avian genes was responsible for the outbreak. Although there is no unanimous agreement on where the virus started, it travelled around the world from 1918 to 1919.
Malaria caused 229 million cases worldwide in 2019, with an estimated 409,000 fatalities. Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for almost 94 percent of the cases and deaths.
There has been a sharp increase in the number of plague cases in Africa since the 1980s. From 1980 to 1997, Africa had a total of 19 349 cases and 1781 fatalities, accounting for 66.8% and 75.8% of the global total, respectively, with a case fatality rate of 9.2%.
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